O presente artigo é um estudo de escolástica barroca colonial que combina elementos lógicos, raciocínios práticos e probabilismo, para compreender o movimento processual das deliberações jurídico-políticas sobre “guerra e paz” no pensamento de Juan de Solorzano Pereira. Pensador escolástico do período barroco ibero-americano que residiu por mais de duas décadas nas Índias ocidentais, que elaborou e sistematizou o Direito Indiano, De Indiarum iure. Corpo sistemático e erudito no qual se encontram compiladas cédulas reais, leis, disposições ou mandatos régios; os (...) quais eram destinados a guiar os assuntos próprios de governo nas Índias ocidentais, fundamentados na guerra justa e na paz republicana. Na Filosofia do Direito Indiano de Solórzano Pereira, a opinião provável sobre fatos e direitos não se restringe aos atos perfeitos e os absolutos que se acreditam ter em opiniões mais prováveis do passado e do presente, porque a probabilidade nessa filosofia do direito está aberta ao futuro condicional, onde novas opiniões podem produzir dúvidas nos fatos e no direito, podendo se tornar em opiniões mais coerentes, seguras e mais prováveis que as anteriores, pela aceitabilidade racional sobre o direito em questão. Erros abrem brechas e podem ser motivos suficientes para modificar direitos por usucapião, retenção, prescrição, restituição. (shrink)

This contribution uses the career and writings of Juan Solórzano Pereira (1575–1655) to probe the relationship between mercury, governance, and the obligations of individuals to the early modern Iberian state. It focuses specifically on two terms often employed in the context of practical governance—“bien público” (public good) and “hacienda” (treasury)—by placing Solórzano Pereira’s 1647 Politica Indiana and administrative documents generated during his tenure at the mercury mine of Huancavelica (modern Peru) in dialogue. Read in tandem, these texts (...) reveal that Solórzano Pereira articulated the relationship between mercury, the bien público, and the hacienda through comparisons between mining and agriculture, a conception of nature as an agential force, and period understandings of the “common.” While historians of practical governance often dismiss appeals to the bien público and the hacienda as hollow rhetoric, this essay reveals that the terms were important for period actors in conceptualizing the distribution of labor and materials. (shrink)

One of the major arenas for debate within generative grammar is the nature of paradigmatic relations among words. Intervening in key debates at the interface between syntax and semantics, this book examines the relation between structure and meaning, and analyses how it affects the internal properties of words and corresponding syntactic manifestations. Adapting notions from the Evo-Devo project in biology (the idea of 'co-linearity' between structural units and behavioural manifestations) Juan Uriagereka addresses a major puzzle: how words can be (...) both decomposable so as to be acquired by children, and atomic, so that they do not manifest themselves as modular to adults. (shrink)

In this article, we present for the first time Schelling’s early critique of absolute idealism within his middle metaphysics (1804–1820), which has great relevance and influence on the subsequent course of German philosophy, and, more broadly considered, on later systematic thinking about the categories of unity and duality. We aim to show how Schelling defends a form of metaphysical duality, from 1804 onwards, without relapsing into a stronger Kantian dualism. In this sense, our author rejects both the dualism between nature (...) and spirit, necessity and freedom, as well as the monist-immanent metaphysical stance later associated with Hegelian panlogism. Against Hegel, Schelling increasingly vindicates the reality of the finite and degrades the infinite to mere ideality in a movement that resembles later existentialism. Furthermore, we defend Schelling against the accusation of irrationalism that sections of Hegelianism formulated against him and present the concept of infinity without the notion of totality, which he thinks of, much like Fichte, in the light of the concept of an ‘infinite task’. Schelling’s later criticisms of Hegel are shown to be influenced by his early idealist critique of the period at hand. (shrink)

This paper tries to contribute to the elucidation of some intellectual conundrums and policy questions regarding scientific knowledge (SK). As for modelling , I have shown that the Solow model is independent of human agency, has rich and precise policy implications and captures some features of S(SK). As for policy I have obtained three results. First, the optimal path of scientific production can be reached through an attainable public intervention. Second, whether this public intervention ought to be implemented depends in (...) part on the relevant period of adjustment , a rather unconventional notion. Third, the analysis of this relevant period of adjustment may help to understand the development of science. Finally and in relation to epistemology I have been able to suggest that visual representation can be very misleading and that the proliferation I have uncovered forces a reconsideration of the desideratum of science. (shrink)

Abstract:Starting from the Iberian reaction to Machiavelli's ideas about religion and war, this article compares and connects Spanish and Portuguese theories of empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Writings by Francisco de Vitoria, Martín de Azpilcueta, and Juan de Solórzano Pereira, as well as by less well-known thinkers, are used to trace the main legal and theological debates over empire that developed across the Iberian world. It is argued that the exchange of ideas about war and religion (...) between Spain and Portugal culminated in the theorization of a single global empire during the period of the Iberian Union (1580–1640). (shrink)

In this paper, I defend a non-mechanistic interpretation of Kant's philosophy of nature. My interpretation contradicts the robust tradition of reading Kant as a mechanist about nature – or as someone who endorses the view that we can know the internally purposive causality characteristic of organisms has no place in nature. By attending closely to Kant's remarks about the possibility of internal purposiveness in nature and to key premises from Kant's arguments in the Antinomy of Teleological Judgment, we shall see (...) that it is not only plausible, but preferable, to believe that internally purposive things (i.e., organisms) exist in nature. Making room for such a belief leaves Kant with a philosophy of nature that simultaneously aligns with and surpasses the philosophies of nature offered up by his Early Modern predecessors. (shrink)

This article carries out a systematic exposition of the concept of the body in Jean-Luc Nancy, with all the risks of reduction that such an exposition entails. First it is necessary to return to Western philosophy’s founding text on living corporality, that is, Aristotle’s treatise on the soul. The oppositions that can be established between the Greek thinker’s psyche (soul) and Nancy’s dead Psyche are not so radical as may at first be thought: In both it is a question of (...) thinking the soul as the difference, the retreat or departure in which the exposition of bodies consists. The article continues with an analysis of touch and the self and concludes with an elaboration of the idea of the body within the general program of the deconstruction of Christianity. (shrink)

The concept of “philosophical normalization” has become common place, recently questioned in the narrative of the historical process of philosophy in Latin America. From the theory of layers of time raised by R. Koselleck this paper proposes a critical review of this concept.

Different home textile patterns have different emotional expressions. Emotion evaluation of home textile patterns can effectively improve the retrieval performance of home textile patterns based on semantics. It can not only help designers make full use of existing designs and stimulate creative inspiration but also help users select designs and products that are more in line with their needs. In this study, we develop a three-stage framework for home textile pattern emotion labeling based on artificial intelligence. To be specific, first (...) of all, three kinds of aesthetic features, i.e., shape, texture, and salient region, are extracted from the original home textile patterns. Then, a CNN -based deep feature extractor is constructed to extract deep features from the aesthetic features acquired in the previous stage. Finally, a novel multi-view classifier is designed to label home textile patterns that can automatically learn the weight of each view. The three-stage framework is evaluated by our data and the experimental results show its promising performance in home textile patterns labeling. (shrink)

In this work, we discuss the failure of the principle of truth functionality in the quantum formalism. By exploiting this failure, we import the formalism of N-matrix theory and non-deterministic semantics to the foundations of quantum mechanics. This is done by describing quantum states as particular valuations associated with infinite non-deterministic truth tables. This allows us to introduce a natural interpretation of quantum states in terms of a non-deterministic semantics. We also provide a similar construction for arbitrary probabilistic theories based (...) in orthomodular lattices, allowing to study post-quantum models using logical techniques. (shrink)

El presente artículo explica cuál es la noción de derecho en Leonardo Polo y cómo entendía el derecho natural. Después de una introducción, en el capítulo 2 se hace un análisis histórico, donde se revisa cómo evolucionaron estas nociones en la vida de Polo. El capítulo 3 se centra en la noción poliana de derecho. Con este concepto, en el capítulo 4 se reconstruye la noción de derecho natural que probablemente manejó Polo, para en el capítulo 5 sugerir cuál debería (...) ser la metodología de estudio del derecho natural, según los cánones polianos. (shrink)

Se expone la perspectiva anarco-comunitarísta de Michael Taylor, y se la distingue de la anarco-capitalista de autores como Murray Rothbard, David Friedman o, en menor medida, Robert Nozick. El anarco- comunitarismo de Taylor está sólidamente asentado en la teoría de juegos; concretamente, en los análisis dinámicos del Dilema del Prisionero. Sobre la base de estos análisis, a los que el propio autor ha hecho contribuciones sustanciales, se pone de relieve la inviabilidad práctica de una anarquía perfecta, sin controles sociales externos. (...) Pero Taylor muestra que hay, con todo, lugar para un orden social sostenido en controles informales y ampliamente descentralizados, es decir, fundado en vínculos comunitarios, y que ésta ha sido la solución al problema del orden social durante la mayor parte de la historia de la especie. Se discuten luego las circunstancias que presumiblemente dieron lugar a la crisis y obsolescencia de la solución anarco-comunitarista y su sustitución por la respuesta institucional basada en la presencia del Estado. Se concluye el escrito ensalzando los méritos teóricos de Taylor pero poniendo en duda la validez de los presupuestos valorativos que animan sus modestas proposiciones de cambio social. (shrink)

Este articulo revisa las tesis de los pensadores árabes Avicena y Averroes referentes a la teoría del conocimiento, en especial a su punto culminar, el entendimiento agente. Se añade la revisión crítica de Leonardo Polo a tales propuestas. El quid de la crítica poliana reside en que, frente al axioma de que el conocer es acto en cualquier nivel, tales pensadores mantienen la pasividad del conocer humano. Se concluye que esas interpretaciones son despersonalizantes, y se esboza la solución de sus (...) aporías. (shrink)

In this work we deny the validity of the following modern notions accepted like “transcendentals”: equality, totality, reason, memory, will, movement, time, world, subject, saying and fact. On the other hand, we defend the validity of three transcendental notions that some modern thinkers have accepted: the being, the truth and the good.

§1. Introduction. The problem raised by the liar paradox has long been an intriguing challenge for all those interested in the concept of truth. Many “solutions” have been proposed to solve or avoid the paradox, either prescribing some linguistical restriction, or giving up the classical true-false bivalence or assuming some kind of contextual dependence of truth, among other possibilities. We shall not discuss these different approaches to the subject in this paper, but we shall concentrate on a kind of formal (...) construction which was originated by Kripke's paper “Outline of a theory of truth” [11] and which, in different forms, reappears in later papers by various authors.The main idea can be presented as follows: assume a first order language ℒ containing, among other unspecified symbols, a predicate symbolTintended to represent the truth predicate for ℒ. Assume, also, a fixed modelM= 〈D, I〉 whereDcontains all sentences of ℒ andIinterprets all non-logical symbols of ℒ exceptTin the usual way. In general,Dmight contain many objects other than sentences of ℒ but as that would raise the problem of the meaning of sentences in whichTis applied to one of these objects, we shall assume that this is not the case. (shrink)

El vínculo entre ciencias cognitivas y filosofía es fructífero y diverso. Sin embargo, son pocas las tentativas filosóficas que examinan el concepto de aprendizaje en su relación con aplicaciones para el campo educativo. El pragmatismo filosófico ofrece un marco teórico sustentable para efectuar esta tarea. Este estudio se plantea como una aproximación al concepto de aprendizaje desde el pragmatismo contemporáneo de Robert Brandom (1994, 2001). Concretamente, analiza este concepto como una instancia de la idea de ‘prácticas sociales’, a partir de (...) la concepción sobre normatividad que Brandom propone, evaluando las ventajas epistemológicas de esta postura. Al mismo tiempo, advierte las implicancias de reducir el aprendizaje a regularidades causales o naturales, tal como se desprende del abordaje cognitivista en educación. A tal fin, el artículo sitúa las filiaciones de tradición y conceptuales de la idea de ‘prácticas sociales’ en la filosofía reciente, y a partir de dicha reconstrucción muestra que es posible un abordaje del aprendizaje más allá del cognitivismo (sin cuestionar sus contribuciones posibles). Asimismo, señala los vínculos entre aprendizaje y norma, así como también entre aprendizaje y lenguaje. Como resultado, este análisis permite situar el aprendizaje formal en el marco de las prácticas sociales, explicar su naturaleza normativa y definir el tipo de condicionamiento que el lenguaje adquiere en él. (shrink)

Los textos publicados sobre el poshumanismo han ido creciendo en los últimos años, asimismo, la recepción del fenómeno se ha hecho cada vez más matizada y los análisis diversos. Tampoco han faltado las metáforas usadas para acercar el fenómeno, un tanto nuevo y desconocido, a otros más familiares. Entre estas metáforas, una de las primeras y, a nuestro juicio, más interesantes es la de Frankenstein. No obstante, su amplio uso, consideramos que falta un análisis más detallado de los motivos antropológicos (...) y las estrategias narrativas que encierra el uso de esta metáfora como critica al poshumanismo. El artículo busca desarrollar dicho análisis. (shrink)

This chapter explores the possibility of integrating the enactive and the Free Energy Principle’s (FEP) approaches to life and mind. Both frameworks have been linked to the life-mind continuity thesis, but recent debates challenge their potential integration. Critics argue that the enactive approach, rooted in autopoiesis theory, has an internalist view of life and a contentful view of cognition, making it challenging to account for adaptive behavior and minimal cognition. Similarly, some find the FEP’s stationary view of life biologically implausible. (...) Here, I address recent challenges in integrating the FEP and enactivism, thereby focusing on the life-mind continuity thesis. I suggest that the FEP, without explicitly defining life and mind, can be used to model the autopoietic dynamics of organisms. Additionally, I argue that the enactive conception of cognition as sense-making overcomes issues associated with contentful views of cognition. Furthermore, I refute the misinterpretation of the FEP’s assertion of stationary organisms, allowing for the modeling of enactive adaptive behavior through free energy minimization. Ultimately, I offer a constructive and interactionist approach to life and mind, transcending internalist and externalist perspectives. (shrink)

La sociología de las organizaciones reconoce a Weber como un referente fundacional del sub-campo disciplinar, centralmente, a partir de su análisis del fenómeno de la dominación burocrática. Si bien ha habido cuestionamientos y distanciamientos en relación a las observaciones seminales de Weber, consideramos que los supuestos básicos de esta herencia no han sido suficientemente problematizados. La sociología de las organizaciones ha tendido a conceptualizar a su objeto de estudio desde las caracterizaciones de la teoría de la burocracia y a asumir (...) las extensas descripciones sostenidas por el pensador alemán. Sin embargo, resulta discutible el hecho de que Weber haya referido la idea de burocracia a una descripción objetiva de una forma organizacional debido a que su interés en el tópico “burocracia” se encuentra ligado al estudio de la dominación, la autoridad y la legitimidad, y no a la descripción de estructuras sociales. En esta dirección, concebimos que sería rastreable una confusión entre la conceptualización de organización y de burocracia que sería casi constitutiva en la respuesta a la pregunta por las condiciones de posibilidad del orden social organizacional. Es el objeto de este artículo problematizar dicha indiferenciación y sentar las bases para nuevas alternativas reflexivas. (shrink)

En su obra La fe que nos salva, Fernando Sebastián Aguilar lleva a cabo una introducción a la teolo- gía del acto de fe. La finalidad de este artículo es presentar los núcleos princi- pales de su reflexión. Para ello, atende- remos a los presupuestos y al itinerario de su preocupación por la fe, situando la cuestión del creer en el contexto de la nueva evangelización y mostrando cómo, según el autor, el análisis de la fe puede ayudar a su (...) fortalecimiento. Nos fijaremos en tres aspectos de este aná- lisis: la escucha del testimonio bíblico sobre el creer, el estudio de los rasgos comunes de la fe y su significatividad para la vida. (shrink)

[Recipient of the 2024 Inter-American Philosophy Award] Philosophers have recently debated whether the social identity category "Latinx" picks out a race (Alcoff 2006), an ethnicity (Gracia 2008), or something else altogether (Arango and Burgos 2021). Rather than defending one or several of these ways of understanding US Latinx as a political or social group, my paper focuses on the personal social identity turmoil young US Latinx people feel and explores the history of inter-American thought to seek a remedy for it. (...) Three prominent American philosophers – José Martí, Alain Locke, and Emilio Uranga – combine to teach us that, while the US Latinx strives for belonging, they find themselves in a situation of unbelonging. The tension that results from the desire to belong but the reality of unbelonging produces a deep-seated anxiety that has come to characterize the US Latinx condition. I suggest that an effective tool for coping with this anxiety, affirming our identity, and building community is the activity of doing inter-American, Latin American, and Latinx Philosophy. (shrink)

For constructive empiricism, being observable or unobservable is defining for deciding about the empirical adequacy and epistemic value of theory components. The classification of microscopic images has been particularly debated. van Fraassen initially classified microscope images as unobservable and then as mere images, like rainbows. Afterwards, he claimed it is not irrational to maintain neutrality about their classification and left them in some kind of limbo between being images of something real or being mere images. Here, I provide an argument (...) to classify microscopic images of cells as copy-qualified images. The argument is described in general terms to sustain that any unobservable entity that is derived from observable self-dividing entities and looks similar to the observable entity when detected under the microscope, corresponds to a copy-qualified image of something real. Because of the existence in nature of large observable cells that fulfil these properties, I conclude that microscopic images of cells are images of something real. This determines their empirical adequacy and epistemic value, making them hard-core and stable components of biological theories. The argument described provides a strategy to develop a more grained classification of what is observable and unobservable with the consequent implications for theory development. (shrink)

This papers aims to analyse sentences of a self-referential language containing a truth-predicate by means of a Smullyan-style tableau system. Our analysis covers three variants of Kripke's partial-model semantics (strong and weak Kleene's and supervaluational) and three variants of the revision theory of truth (Belnap's, Gupta's and Herzberger's).